Multiscale.Sim | Multiscale analysis system
A new tool for Ansys that facilitates materials testing and microscopic analysis of composite materials
Multiscale.Sim is a product of Cybernet Systems Co.
Multiscale.Sim is a product of Cybernet Systems Co.
The multiscale analysis technique is designed to overcome complex materials problems. Using this technique, all material constants can be evaluated without expensive experimental campaigns. Cybernet Systems Co. has developed a multiscale analysis CAE tool called the “Multiscale.Sim”. Multiscale.Sim has been embedded in the Ansys Workbench GUI using the Ansys Customization Toolkit (ACT) techniques, making it very easy to use and allowing it to offer leading high-performance productivity for Ansys Workbench users. The Multiscale.Sim tool can help engineers to resolve challenges around materials modeling and characterization.
Using the two functions of homogenization and localization analyses makes it possible to perform a multiscale analysis of the inhomogeneous material microstructure of a composite material, such as fiber-reinforced plastic or metal, honeycomb, filler dispersion, lattice structures, and so on.
Material property values are calculated by numerical material test of micro structure without material tests that were required conventionally. The results enable prediction of the macroscopic behaviour by the macro structural analysis. Further, it is possible to predict the microscopic behaviour by going back to the micro structure analysis again.
Send your technical questions to our experts!
Connect you with an EnginSoft expert who can provide a reliable answer to your technical question or recommend a
proven solution.
CASE STUDY
This technical article illustrates the advantages of using virtual simulation to evaluate the thermal processes of die casting to reduce the formation of residual stresses and deformations in the components produced.
metal-process-simulation mechanics magma
CASE STUDY
This technical article discusses some of the problems of using finite element method (FEM) simulation software for composite material analysis and introduces new solutions from CYBERNET with Ansys Software for solving these problems.
composites ansys multiscale
Our competences in Multiscale.Sim | Multiscale analysis system
CASE STUDY
The connecting rod is one of the most important components in powertrain systems, so it requires very careful structural analyses because its failure implies serious damage to the entire engine.
automotive ansys rail-transport
CASE STUDY
In this article, we present a procedure to investigate the thermo-mechanical effects produced by the particles of an extremely focused beam hitting a material target spot.
ansys
CASE STUDY
This article describes a new method of aerodynamic design, the result of a collaboration between Dallara Automobili and RBF Morph, that uses adjoint methods and mesh morphing to create an innovative solution to accelerate the optimization process, reducing both time and costs.
automotive rbf-morph
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes how engineers tackled a design optimization challenge to ensure the structural integrity of a section of the beam of a typical steel bridge whose web of main beams was subject to instability.
civil-engineering modefrontier optimization
CASE STUDY
This study was part of the Virtual Optimization PAsta production process (OPAV) research project,
modefrontier ansys ls-dyna magma optimization food-beverage consumer-goods
CASE STUDY
EnginSoft developed a 3D CFD model of a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Plant for the simulation of the Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Systems’ (ACHE) arrays and their interaction with the wind.
energy cfd ansys oil-gas
CASE STUDY
This article presents an example of a proposed design optimization approach with a case study.
biomechanics modefrontier
CASE STUDY
Elettronica SpA designs and produces systems for electronic warfare. Each system design is unique according to its platform and purpose. In this article, the company describes how it used CAE to approach the challenging design of a single sandwich radome.
ansys optimization electronics
CASE STUDY
Engineers will normally need to evaluate a number of different designs, only one of which will result in the final construction configuration. This is why numerical simulation plays an indispensible role in roller coaster design.
ansys civil-engineering construction
CASE STUDY
Stranding and closing planetary machines are huge pieces of equipment designed to twist multiple heavy spools of strand at noticeable speed, to manufacture large section steel ropes.
recurdyn multibody mechanics
CASE STUDY
In this technical case study, EnginSoft assists Casappa to further refine an already-optimized standard series pump for an electrical motor and generator
mechanics optimization modefrontier
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes a project undertaken by OPEM to optimize and validate the laws of motion governing the moving operations of a machine that produces coffee capsules, namely the cut and weld unit, the film feeder, the conveyor and the support structure.
consumer-goods multibody recurdyn food-beverage mechanics
CASE STUDY
With GENESIS or GSAM optimization tools, you can maximize additive manufacturing’s potential.
additive-manufacturing gtam-gsam ansys
CASE STUDY
In this study, the focus was on the oil supply system for the big-end-bearings of an 18-cylinder engine, which is one of the largest four-stroke gas engines in existence, ideal for base load applications. Wärtsilä and EnginSoft created a moving-particle simulation model, a meshless method of solving Navier-Stokes equations, which allows complex geometries with moving parts to be simulated.
marine particleworks
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes a comparative study that was undertaken by Intermarine, with the assistance of EnginSoft, between using the Flownex simulation environment and Intermarine’s manual or classic methods (both of which were compared with actual field data from on-board measurements) to predict pressure losses in the various piping systems that convey fluids on board a vessel.
marine energy oil-gas flownex
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes a new, automated approach to accurately and robustly morph CAD geometry based on results of analysis in order to facilitate the missing bi-directional transfer of these geometries between analysis/test/manufacture and design. Two industrial examples using this approach are also provided, in the morphing of a turbine blade deformation model and aero-elastic deformation of aerodynamic shapes for the NASA Common Research Model.
aerospace
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes a project led by BLOM Maritime under the auspices of the HS-03 SNAME (the Society of Naval Architects and Maritime Engineers) panel in which ESTECO’s modeFRONTIER process automation and design optimization software was used to optimize the design of a monopile for a 15MW turbine to survive hurricane conditions.
modefrontier energy
CASE STUDY
Faber Spa, which has designed and manufactured ventilation hoods for the past 50 years, holds a key global position both in terms of production and technology. It has achieved this position through strategic investments in research and development.
ansys appliances consumer-goods cfd
CASE STUDY
The America’s Cup isn’t just the first sailing competition in history, it’s also the first when it comes to innovation. Learn how American Magic engineers partnered with ESTECO to prepare for their next challenge
modefrontier marine
CASE STUDY
Dynamic studies are required to predict the accelerations, verify that the cams are properly shaped, and to extract the loads to structurally size the parts.
recurdyn multibody mbd-ansys automotive
CASE STUDY
The final portion of the paper path of a laser printer has been studied using the Media Transport Toolkit to evaluate the influence of the corrugating roller which is used to corrugate the sheet to keep it straight before falling into the tray.
recurdyn multibody mechanics consumer-goods
CASE STUDY
Menet Aero worked with Wolf Star Technologies to implement the True-Load load reconstruction software on their hexacopter drone. This project allowed Menet Aero to acquire valuable data on their drone designs, which can be used to optimize the weight and cost of their aircraft. The True-Load methodology proved to be an efficient and effective use of FEA models and testing techniques, providing a small investment in strain gauges for mission-critical data.
aerospace trueload
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes a project that was undertaken by TAE SUNG Software and Engineering, in collaboration with DY AUTO in Korea, to establish a computerized process to conduct three-dimensional real-scale analysis of any of the three types of windshield wiper currently in use, and to establish a specific standard for evaluating wiper performance.
automotive ls-dyna ansys
CASE STUDY
The aim of this study was to reduce the weight of the world’s tallest aluminum mast for a new series of single mast sailing yachts manufactured by Perini Navi under the brand name Salute.
optimization modefrontier ansys marine rail-transport
CASE STUDY
The aerospace industry is embracing a cutting-edge workflow that combines virtual reality (VR), reduced order models (ROMs), and mesh morphing to revolutionize aerodynamic design. Developed through a collaboration between the University of Rome Tor Vergata and RBF Morph, this approach allows engineers to explore and adjust designs in real time within an immersive 3D VR environment
aerospace rbf-morph vrd
CASE STUDY
This paper presents the design and first experimental results of a very compact Ku-band bandpass filter for high power satellite applications. The filter was designed and simulated using the Ansys HFSS and Mechanical simulators. Proposed as part of an ESA ARTES Advanced Technology project, the filter is based on dielectric loaded combline resonators.
ansys electronics aerospace
CASE STUDY
The residual strength, in particular the compression strength after damage due to low velocity impact, is one of the most critical issue for composite laminates.
ls-dyna aerospace modefrontier composites
CASE STUDY
This technical article, a collaboration between EnginSoft and ZECO, compares two different methodologies for the study and optimization of impulse turbines, specifically Pelton turbines, in order to evaluate which is the quicker and more reliable method.
cfd particleworks energy
CASE STUDY
In this study, Alfa Laval and EnginSoft present the results of a simulation of the methanol fuel supply system currently used on a methanol carrier.
marine flownex
CASE STUDY
This case study describes ISEO’s project to introduce a global dimensional management approach based on CETOL6σ that starts from the product concept phase and includes design development and prototyping and extends on to cover all other phases of production through to the finished product, with the guidance and support of EnginSoft.
tolerances cetol mechanics
CASE STUDY
At this particular moment in time, this article wishes to reflect on the evolution of CAE and simulation in an effort to present a big-picture view when most of us are daily dealing with all the devil in the details in every aspect of our lives. We approached some long-standing business friends in engineering simulation from various regions around the world to help us in this task
ansys industry4 news
CASE STUDY
Gamma Meccanica’s R&D department is constantly researching new solutions to improve the overall performance of equipment, production capacity and reliability while developing environmentally sustainable processes and applications to benefit its customers.
cfd mechanics ansys
CASE STUDY
This article describes how SAER ELETTROPOMPE used Ansys CFX to transform "standard" pumps into pumps to be used as turbines.
energy ansys cfd
CASE STUDY
Special Springs commissioned EnginSoft’s engineers to calculate the production cost repercussions of a technical product modification requested by an important customer.
eztol mechanics cetol tolerances
CASE STUDY
This article proposes the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to address these complexities.
ansys mechanics
CASE STUDY
This article describes an analysis of the performance of a hot water distribution piping network consisting of a main boiler and various utilities inside an automotive paint shop based in France. The simulation is performed using Flownex, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software with concentrated parameters.
automotive flownex
CASE STUDY
Overspray is a key problem in the paint application process. This phenomenon is caused by inefficiencies of the robots inside the spray booth and can best be solved by balancing the air flow properly in the paint application area.
automotive ansys cfd
CASE STUDY
This detailed technical case study describes how the students arrived at a supersonic aircraft drone prototype using MATLAB and modeFRONTIER in order to reduce the time and costs of numerical and wind-tunnel testing.
automotive modefrontier optimization
CASE STUDY
Understanding the flow of oil lubrication in transmissions and axles is vital to improving their efficiency and reducing the wear of key components. The choice, and volume of lubricant, and the shape of the gearbox housing can all be optimized for the expected gear speeds, loads, and temperatures.
automotive particleworks
CASE STUDY
This technical article presents a simulation process to analyze fatigue in electronic parts, particularly in solder joints, on printed circuit boards (PCBs).
femfat electronics automotive
CASE STUDY
In this technical article, we demonstrate how to apply a one-way coupling technique using a combination of ParticleWorks and LS-DYNA to estimate tsunami damage to a vehicle.
automotive ls-dyna energy cfd particleworks environmental
CASE STUDY
This paper explores the transformative potential of Extended Reality (XR)—encompassing Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR)—when integrated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) in industrial and engineering applications. XR technologies enable businesses to visualize, interact, and optimize product designs, training processes, and customer support functions.
digital-manufacturing optimization artificial-intelligence
CASE STUDY
Nederman’s Air Purification Tower is the perfect choice if source extraction is not a satisfying option.
ansys mechanics
CASE STUDY
This light-hearted technical article discusses a project undertaken between WolfStar Technologies’ Tim Hunter and Endurica’s Will Mars during the Coronavirus lockdown – to create a digital twin of a Pogo Stick in order to calculate its fatigue damage in the hands of a novice user.
sports endurica
CASE STUDY
This case study details the design optimization of an axial steam turbine of 160 MW, focusing on maximizing the total-to-total isentropic efficiency of the last three low-pressure stages of the turbine.
cfd ansys turbomachinery modefrontier
CASE STUDY
This article presents simulation examples for three types of firefighting equipment for cultural heritage buildings using Particleworks, a CFD software based on the Moving Particle Simulation (MPS) method: a water discharge gun, a drencher, and a firefighting drone.
particleworks civil-engineering
CASE STUDY
A virtual prototype of a belt must necessarily include the high flexibility of the belt itself, as well as a detailed description of the contacts. This is another scenario where RecurDyn provides better functionality than its competitors.
multibody mbd-ansys recurdyn
CASE STUDY
Particle-based CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods have become very popular in recent years due to the simplicity of the model configuration process and the ability to solve free surface problems such as splashing.
automotive particleworks
CASE STUDY
In this technical case study, EnginSoft was called in to assist in the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to model the flame size of a regeneration gas-fired heater for a project in Oman.
ansys mechanics energy oil-gas
CASE STUDY
Sailing and engineering teams have been dealing with a new set of challenges ranging from boat handling, tactics and, it goes without saying, the design of these new vessels and their subsystems.
marine optimization modefrontier
CASE STUDY
Since this cannot be accurately measured in an implanted stent, manufacturers decided to use Multiphysics to simulate the process to better understand the method and to calculate the forces operating on the implant in order to improve the stent design and the surgical procedure, as described in this article.
cfd biomechanics ansys
CASE STUDY
Stacker cranes handle pallet placement in the warehouse, moving longitudinally along the aisles between the warehouse shelves to deposit and retrieve loads. Stacker cranes are susceptible to earthquakes that can damage them and the racks around them.
mechanics civil-engineering
CASE STUDY
This technical article discusses some of the problems of using finite element method (FEM) simulation software for composite material analysis and introduces new solutions from CYBERNET with Ansys Software for solving these problems.
composites ansys multiscale
CASE STUDY
This project investigates how best to correctly predict the energy absorption of these non-isotropic and non-homogeneous materials, whose lamina thickness is typically of the order of 0.2 mm or less and consists of tiny fibers or particles dispersed in a matrix material.
ls-dyna aerospace composites
CASE STUDY
The text discusses the importance of digital simulation models in modern factory design and reconfiguration, particularly in response to shorter product lifecycles and increased customization demands. Traditional design methods often lead to inefficiencies and high costs, making digital simulation essential for creating flexible and adaptable production systems. The article highlights a case study involving a furniture assembly factory, where a manufacturer needed to efficiently handle a variety of custom kitchen cabinet orders. The system integrator was tasked with designing a robotic assembly line that could maintain production efficiency despite the high variety of products.
industry4 SIMUL8
CASE STUDY
In this example, a tracked bulldozer was simulated to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the vehicle on different terrains and with different obstacles. The model can also be used to calculate the loads operating on the vehicle’s structure..
recurdyn automotive mechanics multibody
CASE STUDY
The article discusses advancements in low cycle fatigue analysis for an electric motor's rotor, focusing on a new method implemented in the FEMFAT software. Traditional methods have limitations in accurately predicting material plasticization due to a lack of consideration for the sequence of load peaks, which can affect component lifespan.
automotive femfat
CASE STUDY
Traditional naval architecture meets the CFD analysis with the aim to improve consolidated products reaching values in terms of performance never seen before.
ansys cfd marine
CASE STUDY
The Arvedi Group approached the University of Trieste to find a solution to the uneven distribution of material inside the hopper of their blast furnace in Trieste, Italy.
optimization modefrontier rocky mechanics
CASE STUDY
This article is the first part of a four-part mini-series exploring key aspects of modern tolerance management in product development. It focuses on Dimensional Management (DM) — a simulation-based engineering methodology essential for ensuring dimensional quality across a product’s lifecycle.
tolerances mbdvidia comparevidia gdtadvisor cetol
CASE STUDY
This article presents a business case for the use of simulation methods and technologies in the construction sector, particularly for decision-support in sustainable building design.
civil-engineering construction environmental
CASE STUDY
The cable-stayed arch on one of the three bridges designed by Santiago Calatrava in Reggio Emilia: a brilliant example of an optimal solution
civil-engineering construction straus7
CASE STUDY
The bridge represents an example of a cable stayed mixed steel-concrete structure, where the stay cables are asymmetrically connected to the center of the deck and to the top of the central transverse steel arch.
construction civil-engineering ansys straus7
CASE STUDY
Today, numerical simulation and experimental testing are used to qualify products in different stages of the development process.
rail-transport ansys recurdyn
CASE STUDY
This article presents the simulation of rainfall on the outdoor unit of an air conditioner as a concrete example of this approach.
appliances particleworks
CASE STUDY
This article describes the preliminary study resulting in the design solutions adopted for the LAD module’s most important thermo-mechanical drivers, which were developed and used to demonstrate compliance with the system requirements at the spacecraft level.
aerospace rbf-morph ansys
CASE STUDY
Connecting rods connect the pistons to the crank shaft in automotive engines and are vital components of the engine. Connecting rods are traditionally produced in ferrous metals by forging or die casting.
metal-process-simulation automotive magma
CASE STUDY
In this article, Del Negro explains how Ricardo is developing solutions to support its customers to predict the lifecycle of motorcycle components, using finite element analysis (FEA) and fatigue analysis.
femfat mechanics automotive
CASE STUDY
Spiral bevel gear pairs (SBGs) play an important role in transferring power between non-parallel shafts in transmission systems. This paper presents the dynamic results of the case study investigated and illustrates nonlinear phenomena.
masta mechanics
CASE STUDY
Simulation is nowadays strongly connected to new product development in most high-technology industries.
ansys electronics
CASE STUDY
This article describes the Multiphysics optimization procedure undertaken to ensure the best compromise between electromagnetic and structural compliance for the Toroidal Field coils of the Advanced Divertor Configurations of the toroidal chamber, that holds the plasma in which the fusion reaction takes place.
energy ansys rbf-morph
CASE STUDY
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is situated along the Blue Nile River. Located 500 km north west of the Ethiopian capital Addis Abeba, in the Benishangul-Gumaz region, the GERD will be the largest plant in Africa
civil-engineering construction straus7
CASE STUDY
The object of this study is a steel diffuser, which for obvious reasons needs to comply with very strict quality guidelines and industry regulations.
metal process simulation die casting metal-process-simulation magma consumer-goods
CASE STUDY
The avoidance or reduction of chainsaw kickback is a key safety feature for manufacturers. The challenges for engineers are to obtain more accurate analyses of the problem over the tool’s lifecycle.
maplesim maple mechanics ansys consumer-goods
CASE STUDY
The advent of the Naked Motorcycle has changed the way we look at motorcycle parts: they now also need to be aesthetically pleasing because they are mostly visible to the naked eye.
automotive magma metal-process-simulation rail-transport
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes how high-end numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were applied to mimic the realistic operating conditions of a Ventricular Assist Device (VADs) and analyze its hemodynamics in order to identify potential areas for optimization of the device’s performance, safety and efficacy.
ansys cfd biomechanics
CASE STUDY
The article discusses the importance of understanding the behaviour and performance of batteries under different operating conditions, particularly in the context of large-scale adoption of batteries. The hybrid approach has successfully identified the Goldilocks Zone for electrochemical parameters and provides a good match between predicted and experimental data.
automotive oorja energy
CASE STUDY
This project has been coordinated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and it is embedded in the MELiSSA framework of ESA research projects.
aerospace cfd ansys
CASE STUDY
This study discusses the complex and challenging problem of controlling vortex-induced vibrations (VIV).
cfd mechanics ansys rbf-morph
CASE STUDY
This paper presents the RENAULT F1 Team’s AM process for an aerodynamic insert in titanium Ti6Al4V. Production was optimized by identifying the best orientation for the parts and the best positioning for the support structures in the melting chamber, in addition to using the ANSYS Additive Print module, a simulation software useful for predicting the distortion of a part and for developing a new, 3D, compensated model that guarantees the best “as-built” quality.
automotive additive-manufacturing optimization
CASE STUDY
Optimization tools, and specifically response surface methods (RSM), can be adapted very well in the design process to provide information around the design of a compressor stage. This article will cover two of the possible optimization uses: the search of optimum performance and data generation.
modefrontier optimization mechanics
CASE STUDY
Further reduction of the heat loss compared to the best design of the NSGA-II first phase design optimization: a further 4% gained
cfd biomechanics ansys modefrontier optimization
CASE STUDY
A new methodology is presented, following an integrated process-product analysis approach, showing some benefits related to increased accuracy and the potential application of new optimization methods.
ls-dyna automotive composites
CASE STUDY
The aim of this study was to find the best quality glass-clamping system, through parametric model optimization, for a new pyrolytic self-cleaning oven by Indesit.
modefrontier optimization consumer-goods appliances
CASE STUDY
ME Elecmetal — a global supplier of integrated wear solutions for mining, construction and industry — is among the first companies to benefit from Rocky DEM’s latest technology: the Tavares breakage model.
civil-engineering rocky
CASE STUDY
The car is designed to race on the ultra-flat Salt Flats in Bonneville, Utah. The racecar weighs less than 500kg so increasing the downforce was critical. Reducing aerodynamic drag was also critical due to the power requirements of the racecar.
cfd automotive
CASE STUDY
Cimolai Technology explains the business benefits it has achieved since the installation in terms of time savings in planning, and design, and improvements in product quality and in delivery forecast ability.
ansys mechanics rail-transport marine
CASE STUDY
Pipistrel, an aviation and aerospace company based in Slovenia, chose ESTECO technologies to design the propeller for a highly efficient, hybrid-electric aircraft.
aerospace modefrontier
CASE STUDY
ECM Technologies has significantly streamlined the design, installation, and commissioning of its large-scale heat treatment systems for the automotive industry by using digital twin technology and Rockwell Automation’s Emulate3D software. Faced with tight timelines and software compatibility challenges during a major project in Mexico, ECM used virtual models to simulate and test their systems in parallel with production. This approach reduced commissioning time by 50%.
digital-manufacturing emulate3d industry4 rockwell
CASE STUDY
This technical article describes a human body model (HBM) wizard developed for RecurDyn and discusses what is already possible and what is in the development pipeline for the near future. Biomotion Solutions provides software to quickly build HBMs in industrial-grade simulation packages.
multibody recurdyn industry4 biomechanics
CASE STUDY
In our two-part feature article, Livio Furlan explains how numerical simulation is used to design and plan structures that will resist the specific environmental characteristics of marine mineral resource extraction, as well as its role in meeting standards and regulatory certification.
oil-gas
CASE STUDY
Have you ever grappled with the nonlinearity of materials? This article introduces Multiscale.Sim’s curve-fitting feature for predicting material constants for viscoelastic problems.
multiscale mechanics composites
CASE STUDY
In this technical article, EnginSoft and Prometech explain how they executed a highly complex computational simulation on the fluid-structure interaction of the oil flow inside a reciprocating engine, on behalf of Honda R&D.
automotive cfd particleworks
CASE STUDY
A client wanted to evaluate the dynamic performance of a new-concept forklift, so a fully-functional multibody model of the forklift was built by assembling the client’s CAD geometries.
multibody automotive mechanics recurdyn
CASE STUDY
A developer of innovative equipment designed a system to simplify the towing and laying down of marine pipelines in shallow water fields.
energy modefrontier optimization oil-gas recurdyn
CASE STUDY
A fascinating article on the origin, history, and evolution of roller coasters from their earliest prototypes in Russia in the 16th century on the banks of the Neva River of St. Petersburg, and then dives into detail on how numerical simulation of roller coasters works to ensure their success both as entertainment and from a safety perspective for users and operators.
mechanics civil-engineering construction optimization
CASE STUDY
This article discusses a realistic multi-objective parameter optimization study of a highly athletic one-legged robot, called Skippy, in which both the parameters of the mechanism and the parameters of its optimal behaviors were sought.
optimization modefrontier biomechanics
CASE STUDY
The article discusses advancements in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) as safe energy storage solutions, highlighting the challenges in achieving high ion conductivity compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). While ASSBs offer safety and high energy density, issues such as internal resistance and low ionic conductivity hinder their performance.
energy multiscale
CASE STUDY
The present work investigates the Warm Hydro Forming (WHF) process of an AA6xxx series alloy (AA6061-T6) using a numerical-experimental approach.
ls-dyna metal-process-simulation
CASE STUDY
This technical article illustrates the advantages of using virtual simulation to evaluate the thermal processes of die casting to reduce the formation of residual stresses and deformations in the components produced.
metal-process-simulation mechanics magma
