Figure 3 - Mechanical allows to insert connections among parts defining
how parts interact with each other

Nowadays, CAE approach allows us to work close to the production having an augmented reality on numerous aspects of the product process. Innovative 3D modelling software, like SpaceClaim allows us to find instantly for example interferences or if there is enough space for the systems and equipment.
FEM and CFD work together to simulate which could be the impact of a change about any part of the project, giving advices on the stiffness of the structures for example loaded by hydrodynamic pressure.
The whole is computed fast and with a great precision, but overall software like ANSYS Mechanical, allows to have constantly a graphical view on the product in terms of 3D viewing on which users can add virtual information calculated in FEM or CFD environment.

Figure 4 - Bases of struts are fixed by displacement bounds; the aft, the fore and the bottom contour are simulated by fixed supports on their edges

For naval applications, scantling is performed through the international ISO-12215 rule (boats under 24 meters) or rules coming from the national classification societies that essentially give to the designers standard loads to assign to each structure or panel, several minimum scantling values (minimum thickness, section modulus, etc.) and criteria by which define materials.
For the case study, core of this publication, we have faced with R.I.NA, the Italian classification society for ships. Even if the modular approach of the construction process by Monte Carlo Yachts was already certified for boats under 24 meters, for the first vessel classified as “ship” of the brand (MCY 105), we had to figure out the requests of the register, checking through numerical analysis, the strength of the gluing between the fly and the deckhouse modules. The MCY 105 received “the Most Innovative Yacht Trophy - Cannes Boat Show 2015”

The biggest challenge I had was the study of the gluing among structures cause of the difficulties to model the non-linearity behavior of the adhesive.
In the image 1 is showed the case study relative to the gluing of a fly deck with the underlying structures of deck house for a yacht of 30-meter length.
The goal was to understand the behavior of the adhesive among the parts in order to verify calculations from the rules adding the contribution of gluing.
The ANSYS package provides the 3D environment SpaceClaim by which we can define the geometry, splitting or joining surface patches for example. The software is also capable to find out several faults in the mathematical definition of the shape, non-manifold edges as well as inconsistent surface normal direction.
As common workflow we usually import surfaces from CATIA or Rhinoceros and we prepare the surfaces for the next FEM simulation inside SpaceClaim environment.
The first phase was modelling the geometry simplifying the shape to build a handy geometric model, in this phase is also included splitting the geometry parts in order to recognize the surfaces on which is necessary to create a lamination and the surfaces that identify closed volumes.
The latter is useful to represent solid materials like PVC used to simulate the core for sandwich structures. Image 2 shows some 3D closed volumes representing the glue volume, with 15 mm thickness, at which we refer the material characteristics of the Crestomer adhesive.
Crestomer is a material provided by the well-known Scott Bader company, its mechanical characteristics come from the software EsaComp, another software we have at our disposal.
In Mechanical it can be possible to assign to a volume the characteristics of a specific material and on his faces the relative laminations.
About laminations, the software permits to assign the layer stratification starting from a reference surface, for this case study it was considered the external surface and the order of the layers is assigned starting from that.
This step is quite important and it must be done with great attention in particular to the directions of the layers that need to be oriented to form coupled layers. It is important, for example in a quadri-axials weaving, to set four layers oriented in + or – 45°.
Next important steps of this FEM simulation are the connections definition and the bounds assignment.

Figure 5 - Only 0.2 mm deformation at the centre zone of the 15 mm glue inserted to join
the fly to the deckhouse structures

As shown in image 3, the item is a quite complex one, it is composed by numerous parts and several laminations. Mechanical allows to insert connections among parts with the aim to create the correct physical model defining how parts interact with each other; several types of connection are available: bonded, no separation, frictionless, rough and frictional.
The first two types are linear, they need only one iteration to be solved, last three types are non-linear and require multiple iterations.
To be defined, one side of a contact pair is referred as the “contact” and its mate as the “target”, Mechanical uses a color coding system to differentiate the contact and target surfaces.
For this study case we mate the gluing volume: its top face with the bottom one of the fly floor, and its bottom with the top face of the associated plating of the deckhouse’ structures.
The other contact regions are displayed in image 3.
About supports, it is important to decide how many degrees of freedom is necessary to leave to the structure, with fixed supports is possible to constraint all degrees of freedom (dx, dy, dz, rotx, roty, rotz) on vertex, edge, or surface, with displacements is possible to allow for imposed translational displacements in x, y and z.
In ANSYS environment there are a lot of linear and non-linear supports that can help operator to identify the behavior of the physical system.

In this case study on the structure, as shown in image 4, four zones were fixed. Firstly, the base of struts through their bottom faces are fixed by displacement bounds; then, the aft, the fore and the bottom contour are simulated by fixed supports on their edges.
About loads, it is possible to define several kind of loads in different parts of the structure like edges, nodes or surfaces.
Two loads conditions respectively with a vertical pressure were applied on the floor of the fly deck and the second with an acceleration applied on the entire structure. The vertical pressure case was taken into account as base to simulate the behavior of the structure under the static loads of its mass plus all the effects and people that will be taken on board.
The case in which we are added the accelerations was useful to investigate the reactions of the structure weighed down by the loads of vertical and lateral wave motions simulated through vertical and lateral accelerations.
The symmetry was taken into account to reach the complete model holding-down the number of cells for the simulation. Symmetry condition was added to the central contour edge in order to make the structure symmetrical.